Patterns in Language

Patterns in Language

I. FRAMES OF LANGUAGE                   

A. verbal  

B. tonal  

C. Physical/kinetic  

II. PATTERNS OF VOICE

A. Tone of voice

1. Intonational frame

2. "Mystique"   of tone

a. attitude  

b. mood  

c. mode  

d. style  

B. Direct Address

1. Speaker/Listener writer/reader symmetry  

2. Point of view  

a. character  

b. role playing

III. PATTERNS OF REPETITION 

A. rhythm  

1. prosody  

2. Literary usage

a. mode

  i. mime  

 ii. Prose  : words spoken

               

iii. Song  :  words sung

                                      iv. Epos  :  words chanted

b. tone

  i. irony  

 ii. satire  

iii. wit  

iv. paradox  

3. Repetitive sound patterns

a. rhyme also rime  

b. alliteration  

          B. Vocabulary or lexicon  

                 1. Lexical devices

                   a. Diction   or word choice

                   b. usage  

                   c. idiom  

          C. syntax  

                 1. Syntactical devices

                   a. Basic statement patterns

                   b. Varieties of sentence   structure

                   c. clause   and combinations

                   d. Coordination

                   e. Parallelism

                   f. Juxtaposition

                   g. Emphasis

                   h. Subordination

                   i. Modification

                   j. Reference

                   k. Incomplete or noncomplete construction

               D. Rhetoric

                 1. Rhetorical devices

                   a. Definition

                   b. Classification

                   c. Exemplification

                   d. Comparison

                   e. Causal analysis (cause and effect)

                   f. Process analysis

                   g. Detailing

                   h. Illustration

                   i. Organization

                     i. chronological  

                    ii. spatial  

                   iii. logical  

                       (a). inductive  

                       (b). deduction  

            IV. PATTERNS OF MEANING

               A. Multiple meaning

                 1. Horizontal ambiguity 

                   a. verbal pluralism

                 2. Vertical ambiguity

                   a. abstractive  /concretive 

               B. Notational meaning

                 1. denote  

                 2. connotation  

                 3. majority, group meanings

                 4. minority, individual meanings

               C. etymology  

                 1. Meaning of verbal signs

                   a. historically

                   b. contextually

                   c. culturally

               D. Neologisms

                 1. focus on productivity of language through

                   a. "word coinage" or naming

             V. PATTERNS OF FIGURES

               A. trope  

                 2. analogy  

               B. metaphor  

                 1. Relational analysis

                   a. Simple/Directional relations A:B

                   b. Reciprocal/mutual relations A:B B:A

                   c. Wheel/Simultaneous relations AB

                 2. Rhetorical  analysis

                   a. Explosive

                      "in,small,qualitative" to "out,large, quantitative"

                   b. Implosive

                      "out, large, quantitative" to "in, small, qualitative"

                   c. Pulse

                      combination of explosive and implosive

               C. Images

                 1. Presentation to the senses

                   a. visual  

                   b. auditory  

                   c. kinetic (see above)

                   d. gustatory  

                   e. olfactory

Deductive Reasoning: Everyday Examples

Deductive reasoning is a type of reasoning which goes from general to specific. 

Deductive reasoning is based on premises and if the premises are true, then the reasoning will be valid.

Deductive Reasoning: Everyday Examples

• In mathematics, If A = B and B = C, then A = C.
• Since all humans are mortal, and I am a human, then I am mortal. 
• All dolphins are mammals, all mammals have kidneys; therefore all dolphins have kidneys. 
• Since all squares are rectangles, and all rectangles have four sides, so all squares have four sides. 
• If Dennis misses work and at work there is a party, then Dennis will miss the party.
• All numbers ending in 0 or 5 are divisible by 5. The number 35 ends with a 5, so it is divisible by 5.
• To earn a master’s degree, a student must have 32 credits. Tim has 40 credits, so Tim will earn a master’s degree.
• All birds have feathers and robins are birds, so robins have feathers.
• It is dangerous to drive on icy streets. The streets are icy now so it is dangerous to drive now.
• All cats have a keen sense of smell. Fluffy is a cat, so Fluffy has a keen sense of smell.
• Snakes are reptiles and reptiles are cold-blooded; therefore, snakes are cold-blooded.
• Cacti are plants and all plants perform photosynthesis; therefore, cacti perform photosynthesis.
• Red meat has iron in it and beef is red meat, so beef has iron in it.
• Acute angles are less than 90 degrees and this angle is 40 degrees so this angle is acute.
• All noble gases are stable and helium is a noble gas, so helium is stable.
• Magnolias are dicots and dicots have two embryonic leaves; therefore magnolias have two embryonic leaves.
• Elephants have cells in their bodies and all cells have DNA, so elephants have DNA.
• All cars have at least two doors and a Ford Focus is a car, so the Ford Focus has at least two doors.
• All horses have manes and the Arabian is a horse; therefore Arabians have manes.

Other Patterns of Deductive Reasoning 

Some deductive reasoning does not follow the classic reasoning pattern of A = B and B = C, then A = C. Some examples of other patterns are:

• Be careful around bees, they might sting you. (The reasoning is understood that all bees might sting.)
• It takes me an hour to get to the mall. If I leave at five o’clock I will reach the mall by six o’clock.
• That dog is growling so be careful or you might get bitten. (It is logical is the dog is angry, he might bite.)
• The apple hit me on the head because of gravity. 
• There are three people in my family. Each one is tall, so everyone in my family is tall.

You can use deductive reasoning to better understand the world around you. 

• LINK/CITE

Read more at http://examples.yourdictionary.com/deductive-reasoning-examples.html#4U7Amv2Hcebwo1fQ.99

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Fallacy Project: Real World Examplses

Dimensions of Understanding

1. Literal -->
2. Associative <->
3. Metaphoric <- # ->

Analogy

Analogy

from http://www.philosophypages.com/lg/e13.htm

Today we begin the final component of our study of logic, a survey of the most common methods of inductive reasoning. Although inductive inferences never guarantee the truth of their conclusions, as valid deductive inferences do, we can evaluate them by considering how each could be made stronger or weaker by the addition of further information.

Analogical Reasoning

The simplest variety of inductive reasoning is argument by analogy, which takes note of the fact that two or more things are similar in some respects and concludes that they are probably also similar in some further respect. Not every analogy is an argument; we frequently use such comparisons simply to explain or illustrate what we mean. But arguments by analogy are common, too.

Suppose, for example, that I am thinking about buying a new car. I'm very likely to speak with other people who have recently bought new cars, noting their experiences with various makes, models, and dealers. If I discover that three of my friends have recently bought Geo Prizms from Burg and that all three have been delighted with their purchases, then I will conclude by analogy that if I buy a Geo Prizm from Burg, I will be delighted, too.

Evaluating Analogies

Of course, this argument is not deductively valid; it is always possible that my new car may turn out to be an exception. But there are several considerations that clearly matter in determining the relative strength or weakness of my inductive inference:

1. Number of instances. If five friends instead of three report their satisfaction with the model I intend to buy, that tends to make it even more likely that I will be satisfied, too. In general, more instances strengthen an analogy; fewer weaken it.
2. Instance variety. If my three friends bought their Prizms from three different dealers but were all delighted, then my conclusion is somewhat more likely to be true, no matter where I decide to buy mine. In general, the more variety there is among the instances, the stronger the analogical argument becomes.
3. Number of similarities. If my new purchase is not only the same make and model from the same dealer but also has the same engine, then my conclusion is more likely to be true. In general, the more similarities there are between the instances and my conclusion, the better for the analogical argument.
4. Relevance. Of course, the criteria we're considering apply only if the matters with which they are concerned are relevant to the argument. Ordinarily, for example, we would assume that the day of the week on which a car was purchased is irrelevant to a buyer's satisfaction with it. But relevance is not something about which we can be terribly precise; it is always possible in principle to tell a story in the context of which anything may turn out to be relevant. So we just have to use our best judgment in deciding whether or not some respect deserves to be considered.
5. Number of dissimilarities. If my friends all bought Geos with automatic transmissions and I plan to buy a Geo with a standard transmission, then the conclusion that I will be delighted with my purchase is a little less likely to be true. In general, the fewer dissimilarities between instances and conclusion, the better an analogical argument is.
6. Modesty of conclusion. If all three of my friends were delighted with their auto purchases but I conclude only that I will be satisfied with mine, then this relatively modest conclusion is more likely to be true. In general, arguments by analogy are improved when their conclusions are modest with respect to their premises.

Inductive Reasoning Examples

Some examples of inductive reasoning include:

• Jennifer leaves for school at 7:00 a.m. Jennifer is always on time. Jennifer assumes, then, that she will always be on time if she leaves at 7:00 a.m.
• The cost of goods was $1.00. The cost of labor to manufacture the time was $.50. The sales price of the item was $5.00; so, the item always provides a good profit.
• Every windstorm in this area comes from the north. I can see a big cloud of dust caused by a windstorm in the distance; so, a new windstorm is coming from the north.
• Bob is showing a big diamond ring to his friend Larry. Bob has told Larry that he is going to marry Joan. Bob has bought the diamond ring to give to Joan.
• The chair in the living room is red. The chair in the dining room is red. The chair in the bedrrom is red. All chairs in the house are red.
• Every time you eat peanuts, your throat sweels up and you can't breath. So, you are allergic to peanuts.
• All cats that you have observed purr. Therefore, every cat must purr.
• Two-thirds of the students at this college receive student aid. Therefore, two-thirds of all college students receive student aid.
• All of the girls in the class were blond, therefore all girls in this neighborhood are blond.
• Michael just moved here from Chicago. Michael has red hair, therefore people from Chicago have red hair.
• The children in that house yell loudly when they play in their bedroom. I can hear children yelling in that house, therefore the children must nbe playing in their bedroom.
• All chickens that we have seen have been brown; so, all chickens are brown.
• All cars in this town drive on the right side of the street. Therefore, all cars in all towns drive on the right side of the street.
• John is an excellent swimmer. John's family has a swimming pool. John's sister Mary must also be an excellent swimmer.
• All basketball players in your school are tall, so all basketball players must be tall.
• All brown dogs in the park are small dogs. Therefore, all small dogs are brown.
• All children in the day care center like to play with Legos. All children, therefore, enjoy playing with Legos.
• Ray is a football player. All football players weigh more than 170 pounds. Ray weighs more than 170 pounds.
• All observed houses on the South Street are falling apart. Sherry lives on South Street. Her house is falling apart.

Read more at http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-inductive-reasoning.html#zaSFZpsIPxZCsJ4E.99

TFY C7 IM ed

CHAPTER 7: VIEWPOINTS NOTES OVERVIEW

Important to know
 (1) the difference between liberals and conservatives, greens and libertarians; 
(2) that viewpoints could be characterized;
(3) that reality is interpreted or filtered through viewpoints; 
(4) that recognizing viewpoints engenders a detached perspective; 
(5) that critical readers always read with the context of source in mind; and 
(6) that different political points of view can be recognized through characteristic ideas and rhetoric. 

Need to reflect new shifts in social and political viewpoints, in their publications, beliefs, and rhetoric.

Need to clarify their understanding of viewpoint as well as to think more fluidly of examples through the construction of mind maps.

 “Rankings of Some Print Publications according to Reputations for Reliability.” 

 “Viewpoints in Literature” --  different viewpoints tell different stories. 

Whistleblower films.

POLITICAL VIEWPOINTS

 American magazines make considerable use of their knowledge of their consumers’ demographic profiles. Editors use this information both to shape the design and content of their publications as well as to attract appropriate advertisers. Thus publications can sometimes know more about their readers, socio-economic status, political views, and tastes than the readers might know about themselves. In studying these magazines, some students will have more difficulties than others in picking up the cues that suggest socio-economic class and political affiliations. On the other hand, many will know a lot about consumer products and consumer tastes. They might also be convinced that the ownership of certain products results in higher socio-economic status and esteem. 

Viewpoints in words as liberal and conservative
See  chart that compares conservative and liberal values. Not all will agree with my characterizations. 

Analyze arguments within the framework of viewpoints, 
Evaluate voter information pamphlets and political television commercials in order to arrive at your own decisions.

NEWS FRAMING  

Newspapers can be used in many ways: to teach observing, to teach detachment, to provide current examples of what we are studying, and to point out current topics of controversy in preparation for the final research paper. This exercise in news framing awareness challenges mastery of the skills of observing, of word awareness, and of separating facts from inferences, as well as from assumptions, evaluations, and opinions.

PROPAGANDA AND VESTED INTERESTS This section is newly written for this edition, framed as hidden viewpoints with hidden motives. The writing/discussion/research questions raise some serious issues that may require student research.

THE POWER OF IMAGE AS A PERSUADER This topic of image as a persuader is a major one deserving far more treatment since most advertisements depend upon visual persuasion. Your students might want to take this topic and run with it, bringing in their own examples to help one another recognize these persuasive techniques and their messages rather than to absorb them as givens. They could, for instance, put together a collection of photo ops of political figures and ask such questions as the following. How do they evoke positive impressions through dress, demeanor, and gestures? How do they convey trustworthiness, stability, power, and authority? How do they convey the archetype of the good father or the good mother? 

SHAPING WRITING TO THE READER’S VIEWPOINT: THE WRITER’S CHALLENGE 

Although this text does not teach audience analysis or how to anticipate reader viewpoint, this is a logical place to fit in a discussion of this subject. Students might be asked how they feel when they are writing an essay that will only be read by their instructor and how that might feel different from writing for their peers. They might also enjoy a discussion on how they might shape content differently when writing for different reading audiences. I have found it fun to interest students with this topic by playing the following as a kind of game. I write a thesis on the board—“Give me a thesis, any thesis,” I say to the class. I also write down the names of about three magazines with divergent perspectives, ranging from Reader’s Digest to Time or Salon. Then I ask the class to write down how they might want to revise this same thesis idea in order to better relate to each perspective. Sometimes we follow a revision choice with an outline of three topic sentences. This exercise encourages thinking flexibility and conveys the range of the problem without the need to have students write out a full essay or several versions of the same.

Word Precision Video Link

Amir Amiri's presentation for Language and Word Precision with a  reference link for session 3 on language and meaning and culture:

 As the Scholar Dr. Umar F. Abd-Allah defines language and thought during a lecture in 2014 https://youtu.be/iDBq2X-d9o0?t=2340, (part selected).

He talks about how one’s virtue is connected to their language. He uses an anecdote about people a he knows in West Africa which has a language that does not have words for cursing and talking about other people’s families aka backbiting (gossip).

“Language has a lot to do with the way we think (Aql-intellect),” “If you want to give people freedom and Justice, teach them Language.”

Language is essential to thought, clear thinking, observations, critical thinking and intellect.

Entire lecture at https://youtu.be/iDBq2X-d9o0